Everything about Leopold Von Ranke totally explained
Leopold von Ranke (
December 21,
1795 –
May 23,
1886) was a
German historian of the
19th century, and frequently considered one of the founders of modern source-based history. Ranke set the tone for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources, an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics (
Aussenpolitik) and a commitment to writing history "as it essentially [was]" In his own words: "[…] nicht das Amt die Vergangenheit zu richten, die Mitwelt zum Nutzen zukünftiger Jahre zu belehren, sondern bloß zu zeigen,
wie es eigentlich gewesen ist" ("[…] not the duty to judge the past, nor to instruct one's contemporaries with an eye to the future, but rather merely to show
how it actually was").
Overview
Ranke was born in
Wiehe, then part of the
Kingdom of Prussia (now
Unstrut, state of
Thuringia).
He was educated partly at home and partly in the Gymnasium of Schulpforta. His early years engendered a life-long love of
Ancient Greek and
Latin and of the
Lutheran Church. In 1814, Ranke entered the
University of Leipzig, where his subjects were
Classics and Lutheran
theology. At
Leipzig, Ranke became an expert in
philology and translation of the ancient authors into
German. As a student, Ranke's favorite authors were
Thucydides,
Livy,
Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
Barthold Georg Niebuhr,
Immanuel Kant,
Johann Gottlieb Fichte,
Friedrich Schelling, and
Friedrich Schlegel. Ranke showed little interest in the work of modern history because of his dissatisfaction with what he regarded as history books that were merely a collection of facts lumped together by modern historians.
Between 1817-1825, Ranke worked as a Classics teacher at the Friedrichs Gymnasium in
Frankfurt an der Oder. During this time, Ranke became interested in
History in part because of his desire to be involved in the developing field of a more professionalized history and in part because of his desire to find the hand of
God in the workings of history.
Beginning with his first book in 1824, the
Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514 (
History of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514), Ranke used an unusually wide variety of sources for a historian of the age, including "memoirs, diaries, personal and formal missives, government documents, diplomatic dispatches and first-hand accounts of eye-witnesses." In this sense he leaned on the traditions of
Philology but emphasized mundane documents instead of old and exotic literature.
Ranke began his book with the statement in the introduction that he'd show the unity of the experiences of the "Teutonic" nations of
Scandinavia,
England and
Germany and the "Latin" nations of
Italy,
Spain and
France through the great "respirations" of the
Völkerwanderung (great migration), the
Crusades and colonisation that in Ranke's view bound all of the nations together to produce modern European civilization. Despite his opening statement, Ranke largely treated all of the nations under examination separately until the outbreak of the wars for the control of Italy starting in 1494. However, the book is best remembered for Ranke's comment that "History has had assigned to it the office of judging the past and of instructing the account for the benefit of future ages. To show high offices the present work doesn't presume: it seeks only to show what actually happened". Ranke's statement that history should embrace the principle of "
wie es eigentlich gewesen" (show what actually happened)" is taken by many historians as their guiding principle. There has been much debate over the precise meaning of this phrase. Some have argued that
wie es eigentlich gewesen meant that the historian should only offer the facts of history without offering any of his own views while others have argued that Ranke meant that the historian should discover the facts and find the general prevailing motifs of the time under question that coloured the facts. Ranke went on to write that the historian must seek for the "Holy hieroglyph" that's God's hand in history by keeping an "eye for the universal" whilst taking "joy in the particular".
Following the success of
Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514, Ranke was given a position in the
University of Berlin. At the university, Ranke became deeply involved in the dispute between the followers of the legal professor
Friedrich Carl von Savigny who emphasized the varieties of different periods of history and the followers of the philosopher
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel who saw history as the unfolding of a universal story. Ranke supported Savigny and criticized the Hegelian view of history as being a one-size-fits-all approach. Also during his time in
Berlin, Ranke became the first historian to utilise the forty-seven volumes that comprised the diplomatic archives of
Venice from the 16th and 17th centuries. Ranke came to prefer dealing with primary sources as opposed to secondary sources during this time. Ranke later wrote "I see the time approaching when we'll base modern history, no longer on the reports even of contemporary historians, except in-so-far as they were in the possession of personal and immediate knowledge of facts; and still less on work yet more remote from the source; but rather on the narratives of eyewitnesses, and on genuine and original documents".
Starting in 1831 at the behest of the Prussian government, Ranke founded and edited the
Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift journal. Ranke, who was a
conservative, used the journal to attack the ideas of
Liberalism. In his 1833 article "The Great Powers" and his 1836 article "Dialogue on Politics" Ranke claimed that every state is given a special moral character from God and individuals should strive to best fulfill the "idea" of their state. Thus, in this way, Ranke urged his readers to stay loyal to the Prussian state and reject the ideas of the
French Revolution, which Ranke claimed were meant for
France, not
Prussia.
Between 1834-1836 Ranke produced the multi-volume
Die römischen Päpste, ihre kirche und ihr Staat im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert (
History of the Popes, their Church and State). As a Protestant, Ranke was barred from viewing the
Vatican archives in
Rome, but on the basis of private papers in Rome and Venice, Ranke was able to explain the history of the
Papacy in the
16th century. In this book, Ranke coined the term the
Counter Reformation and offered colourful portrayals of
Pope Paul IV,
Ignatius of Loyola, and
Pope Pius V. The papacy denounced Ranke's book as anti-Catholic while many Protestants denounced Ranke's book as too neutral. However, Ranke has been generally praised by historians for placing the situation of the Catholic Church in the context of the
16th century and for his treatment of the complex interaction of the political and religious issues in the 16th century. In particular, the British Catholic historian
Lord Acton defended Ranke's book as the most fair-minded, balanced and objective study ever written on the 16th century Papacy. Ranke followed this book up with multi-volume
Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (
History of the Reformation in Germany) in 1845-1847. Ranke used the ninety-six volumes from ambassadors at Imperial Diet in
Frankfurt to explain the
Reformation in
Germany as the result of both politics and religion.
In 1841, Ranke was appointed Royal Historiographer to the Prussian court. In 1849, Ranke published
Neun Bücher preussicher Geschichte (transated as
Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg and History of Prussia, during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries), where Ranke examined the fortunes of the
Hohenzollern family and state from the Middle Ages to the reign of
Frederick the Great. Many Prussian nationalists were offended by Ranke's portrayal of Prussia as a typical medium-sized German state rather than as a Great Power.
In a series of lectures given to the future King
Maximilian of
Bavaria, Ranke argued that "every age is next to God," by which Ranke meant that every period of history is unique and must be understood in its own context. He argued that God gazes over history in its totality and finds all periods equal. Ranke rejected the teleological approach to history where every period is inferior to the period that follows. Thus, the
Middle Ages were not inferior to the
Renaissance; only different. In Ranke's view, the historian had to understand a period on its own terms, and seek to find only the general ideas which animated every period of history. For Ranke, then, history wasn't to be an account of man's "progress" because, "After Plato, there can be no more Plato." Moreover, for Ranke Christianity was morally most superior and couldn't be improved upon. Ultimately, "History is no criminal court."
In 1865, Ranke was ennobled, in 1882 appointed a Prussian Privy Councillor and in 1885 he was given an honorary citizenship of
Berlin. In 1884, he was appointed the first honorary member of the
American Historical Association. After his retirement in 1871, Ranke continued to write on a variety of subjects relating to
German history such as the
French Revolutionary Wars,
Albrecht von Wallenstein,
Karl August von Hardenberg, and King
Fredrich Wilhelm IV. Starting in 1880, Ranke began a huge six-volume work on
World History, which began with ancient
Egypt and the
Israelites. By the time of Ranke's death in Berlin (1886), he'd only reached the
12th century. Subsequently his assistants used his notes to take the series up to 1453.
Methodology
At the core of his method, Ranke didn't believe that general theories could cut across time and space. Instead, he made statements about the time using quotations from primary sources. He said, "My understanding of 'leading ideas' is simply that they're the dominant tendencies in each century. These tendencies, however, can only be described; they can not, in the last resort, be summed up in a concept." Ranke objected to
philosophy of history, particularly as practiced by
Hegel, claiming that Hegel ignored the role of human agency in history, which was too essential to be "characterized through only one idea or one word" or "circumscribed by a concept." This lack of emphasis on unifying theories or themes led some to denigrate his "mindless empiricism." In the
19th century, Ranke's work was very popular and his ideas about how an historian should operate were much copied. Starting in the
20th century, some historians such as
E.H. Carr opposed Ranke's ideas of empiricism as naive, boring and outmoded. However, E.H. Carr, whose primary speciality is in international relations theory, was, in turn, opposed by many traditional historians. They primarily objected to Carr's relativism and his rejection of contingency as an important factor in historical analysis. One of the most famous debates in British context was between Carr and
Geoffrey Rudolph Elton whose work "The Practice of History" was written largely in response to E. H. Carr's book "What is History?".
Also
Fernand Braudel can be considered as an opponent of von Ranke's method. With his approach based on the
histoire probleme Fernand Braudel confronts von Ranke and points out the fact that history is defined the moment it's written.
Relation to Robert Graves
Amalie von Ranke, the historian's niece, was the mother of the well-known British writer and historian
Robert Graves. Indeed, Graves' full name was Robert von Ranke Graves.
Selected works
- Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514 (History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations from 1494 to 1514, 1824)
- Serbische Revoluzion (Serbian revolution, 1829)
- Fürsten und Völker von Süd-Europa im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert (The Princes and Peoples of Southern Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries)
- Die römischen Päpste in den letzen vier Jahrhunderten (The Roman Popes in the Last Four Centuries, 1834-1836)
- Neun Bücher preussischer Geschichte (Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg and History of Prussia, During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 1847-1848)
- Französische Geschichte, vornehmlich im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert (Civil Wars and Monarchy in France, in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: A History of France Principally During That Period, 1852-1861)
- Die deutschen Mächte und der Fürstenbund (The German Powers and the Fürstenbund, 1871-1872)
- Ursprung und Beginn der Revolutionskriege 1791 und 1792 (Origin and Beginning of the Revolutionary Wars 1791 and 1792, 1875)
- Hardenberg und die Geschichte des preussischen Staates von 1793 bis 1813 (Hardenberg and the History of the Prussian State from 1793 to 1813, 1877)
- Weltgeschichte - Die Römische Republik und ihre Weltherrschaft (World history: the Roman Republic and its world rule, 2 volumes, 1886)
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